An average VO 2max of Anthropometric characteristics in terms of Somatotype of the Bangladeshi athletes were poor compare to Olympians and other international athletes though the physiological aspects in terms of VO 2max were more considerable compare to international athletes. Hence, poor performance of Bangladeshi athletics might be due to poor anthropometric characteristics which support the importance of Anthropometric characteristics in athletic performances.
Follow Us. News News of the Society Home News. Latest news. Kinanthropometry equipment and software suppliers. Conoce la International Journal of Kinanthropometry. The closing date for applications is 11 January Obituary of Arthur David Stewart. These measurement sites give a good description of the body as a whole.
The sites are those which are routinely taken for a variety of purposes such as monitoring athletes, tracking growth, development, aging and motor performance, and linking physical activity and nutrition interventions to changes in body size, shape and composition.
Sites which are known to be predictive of health status in the general population are also included. These include somatotyping, fractionation of body mass into bone, muscle, adipose fat and residual mass components, proportionality estimates, prediction of body density and subsequently percent body fat using a number of regression equations, and transformation of the data into age and gender-specific percentile scores for individual sites, overall obesity and proportional mass rankings, as well as other indices such as waist-hip ratio, sums of skinfolds and skinfold-corrected girths.
There are many reasons why measurements of body dimensions are taken. Adoption of a standard profile and methodology allows comparisons to be made locally, nationally and internationally between sample groups. It also introduces exciting implications for pooling data from around the world which, for the first time, can be readily achieved by judicious use of the internet.
There will be the occasion, however, where specific anthropometric measurement sites not included in these guidelines are required. Throughout the protocol the subject may be asked to assume different positions. For measurements to be made as quickly and efficiently as possible the subjects should be asked to present themselves in minimal clothing.
Swimming costumes two-piece for females are ideal for ease of access to all measurement sites. The clothing worn must be of minimal thickness and follow the natural contours of the body. It must also allow access to bare areas of skin for skinfolds. In the matter of dress as in other concerns, anthropometrists should always be sensitive to the cultural beliefs and traditions of the subject.
Therefore, the measurement room should provide for privacy and be at a comfortable temperature for the subject. This is particularly true for the front of a person and this is why most measurements are taken from the side or from behind. Anthropometrists should be mindful that some subjects may feel more comfortable being measured by people of the same gender. There are some people for whom measures cannot be accurately taken. This may be due to factors such as extremely tight skin, large subcutaneous adiposity or injury.
In these individuals it is recommended that no measurement is taken to avoid potentially very large errors and embarrassment. The anthropometrist should not take any measures which compromise the physical or emotional well-being of the subject. This will be facilitated by setting aside adequate space for these measurement procedures. Where possible, a recorder should be used to assist the measurer and enter data. The measurer and recorder work as a team and it is the responsibility of the recorder to help the measurer wherever possible.
When used, a recorder should be trained in recording techniques. The recorder should be able to verify the accuracy of site location and ensure the correct sequence of measurement sites. Despite careful attention to the standards, there is still the possibility that errors will occur in the recording of data. The recorder repeats the value as it is being recorded, thereby enabling the measurer to do an immediate check.
Wherever possible, measurements should be repeated or even taken a third time. When two measures are taken, the mean value is used for data analysis.
When three measures are taken the median value is used for data analysis. General descriptions of equipment requirements are given below in the text. An appendix is included with details of suppliers of anthropometry equipment. Stadiometer This is the instrument used for measuring stature and sitting height.
It is usually attached to a wall so that the subjects can be aligned vertically in the appropriate manner. The stadiometer should have a minimum range of measurement of 60 cm to cm.
The accuracy of measurement required is 0. A sliding head board that is at least 6 cm wide is lowered to the vertex of the head. It is recommended that the head board be constructed with a locking device. The floor should be hard and level. The same equipment is often used for sitting height from a box as well as stature.
Stadiometers range from simple and relatively inexpensive to complex and very expensive. The stadiometer should be checked periodically against a standard height. Assessment of the height can then be completed using a steel tape.
This method is not acceptable in the laboratory. However, the use of electronic scales is becoming more general and the accuracy of some of these scales is greater than that of the beam balance. For example, relatively inexpensive digital bathroom-type scales are now available which incorporate load cells as sensors. They are easily transported and can therefore be used in the laboratory and the field.
The accuracy of these instruments is to within 50 g. Calibration of all scales is critical. This should be done using calibration weights, certified by a government department of weights and measures and totalling at least kg. Lufkin WPM flexible steel tape. A flexible steel tape of at least 1.
This should be calibrated in centimetres with millimetre gradations. If fibreglass tapes are used, regular calibration against a steel tape is required as these non-metal tapes may stretch over time.
Any tape used should be non-extensible, flexible, no wider than 7 mm and have a stub blank area of at least 4 cm before the zero line. In addition to assessing girth measurements, an anthropometric tape is also required to accurately locate a number of skinfold sites and mark distances from bony landmarks.
The tape needs to be enclosed in a case with automatic retraction. Figure 2B. Reading the tape: align the zero mark with the top scale: here the reading is They should ideally be calibrated to at least 40 mm in 0. Skinfold calipers require regular calibration. For details on skinfold caliper calibration, see Carlyon, et al. The application of skinfold data to any regression equation, or analysis of raw values, should be made with the same caliper that was used in the original paper.
ISAK recommends the Harpenden skinfold caliper. Figure 3B. Harpenden skinfold caliper. Figure 3A. Slim Guide skinfold caliper. Also, the instrument can be used to measure segment lengths directly e. Radiale-stylion , large bone breadths e. Biacromial , non-bone breadths e. Bideltoid as well as stature and sitting height. Estimates of segment lengths can be obtained indirectly using projected heights measured with an anthropometer.
The projected heights method uses the difference between pairs of heights. It is recommended that, where possible, direct measures of segment lengths be made using a segmometer or large sliding caliper. Figure 4. Siber-Hegner anthropometer in a carry bag. It has two straight branches that allow measurements of large bone breadths such as the Biiliocristal and Biacromial breadths.
These branches are attached to a rigid scale since considerable pressure must be exerted when bony dimensions are measured. The distance between the branches should be verified to ensure it has been assembled correctly.
Figure 5. Siber-Hegner anthropometer set up as a large sliding caliper. This instrument is manufactured from a steel tape cm long and at least 15 mm wide which has attached two straight branches, each approximately cm in length. The instrument is used to measure segment lengths directly. It can also be used to measure selected heights e.
Iliospinale and Trochanterion heights. Figure 6. Custom-made segmometer. The instrument arms should be of sufficient length approximately 25 cm beyond the measurement scale to allow the caliper branches to be placed over the shoulder to the anatomical landmarks. In the absence of a wide-spreading caliper e. Figure 7A the measurement of anteriorposterior chest depth can be made using a large sliding caliper with recurved or L-shaped branches Figure 7B.
Figure 7A. Large sliding caliper with L-shaped branches Rosscraft. It should have branch lengths of at least 10 cm, an application face width of 1.
The longer branches allow sufficient depth to encompass the biepicondylar breadth of the femur and humerus. There are several commercial models available e. Figure 8A. A small sliding caliper can also be a modified engineering vernier caliper Figure 8B.
Tommy 2 small sliding caliper Rosscraft. Figure 8B. Adapted Mitutoyo small sliding caliper. The actual height of the box 40 cm used in any laboratory should be known exactly and recorded on the box. It is also recommended to cut out slotted hand 30 cm holes to enable the anthropometrist to carry and re-orient the box.
The box is particularly useful for assisting in the measurement of heights such as Iliospinale and Trochanterion using a segmometer. In Figure 9. Anthropometric box with recommended dimensions. This gives the true landmark height from the floor and is more efficient for the anthropometrist who need not bend to the floor but only to the top of the box. The box is also useful when measuring other lengths and breadths where the subject is required to be seated on the box.
The Restricted Profile 17 measurements is a sub-set of the Full profile 39 measurements Table 1. Both profiles can be entered onto the same proforma. Throughout this chapter the anthropometric sites are numbered in a way which corresponds to the site ID on the proforma. The measurements are divided into five broad categories: Basic, Skinfolds, Girths, Lengths and Breadths. Measurement of these sites will enable computations to be made for somatotype, proportionality, relative body fat using a restricted number of prediction equations , indices of body surface area, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, fat patterning, and skinfold-corrected girths.
Other comparisons such as obesity estimates and proportional mass rankings relative to other populations of interest can also be performed for the sites measured. Sites included in the anthropometric profile. All 39 sites make up the Full profile.
Llandmarks are found by palpation or measurement. The landmark is identified with the thumb or index finger. The site is released to remove any distortion of the skin, then is relocated and marked using a fine tipped felt or dermographic pen.
The site is marked directly over the landmark. The mark is then re-checked to ensure that there has been no displacement of skin relative to the underlying bone. When landmarks are made using an anthropometric tape, the mark should be made at the top edge of the tape while the tape is held at a right angle to the limb axis.
The landmarks described here are those required for the measurement sites included in this document. All landmarks are identified before any measurements are made. The order of their identification is as listed here. These sites represent only a small portion of the potentially infinite number of sites over the surface of the body. They are included since they are the sites typically referenced when profiling individuals.
It should be pointed out, however, that other sites are often required for analyses in ergonomics, child growth and development and specific sporting populations. Landmarks are identified by Latinised names. We urge anthropometrists to use the specific landmark terminology as presented here, regardless of language.
To facilitate communication between anthropometrists from around the world, use "Acromiale" as the international term. Bony anatomical landmarks. Location of skinfold sites: anterior view left panel and posterior view right panel.
Subject position: The subject assumes a relaxed position with the arms hanging by the sides. The shoulder girdle should be in a mid-position. Location: Standing behind and on the right hand side of the subject, palpate along the spine of the scapula to the corner of the acromion. This represents the start of the lateral border which usually runs anteriorly, slightly superiorly and medially. Apply the straight edge of a pencil to the lateral aspect of the acromion to confirm the location of the most lateral part of the border.
Mark this most lateral aspect. The acromion has an associated bone thickness. Palpate superiorly to the top margin of the acromion border in line with the most lateral aspect. Figure Location: Palpate downward into the lateral dimple of the right elbow. It should be possible to feel the space between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius. Then move the thumb distally onto the most lateral part of the proximal radial head.
Correct location can be confirmed by slight rotation of the forearm which causes the head of the radius to rotate. The best way to measure this is with a segmometer or large sliding caliper. If a tape is used be sure to avoid following the curvature of the surface of the arm. Place a small horizontal mark at the level of the mid-point between these two landmarks. Project this mark around to the posterior and anterior surfaces of the arm as a horizontal line.
The measurer lifts the wrist to locate the landmark. Location: Using a thumb nail the anthropometrist palpates in the triangular space identified by the muscle tendons of the wrist immediately above the thumb.
Once the snuff box has been identified, palpate in the space between the distal radius and the scaphoid in order to correctly identify the styloid process. The Stylion landmark. Location: The tape is aligned with the stylion landmark and a line perpendicular to the long axis of the forearm is drawn close to the mid-point of the wrist.
The mid-point is estimated between the medial and lateral edges of the wrist. A line is drawn at this position which intersects the perpendicular line. The Mid-stylion landmark. Subject position: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the arms hanging by the sides.
Location: Palpate the inferior angle of the scapula with the left thumb. If there is difficulty locating the inferior angle of the scapula, the subject should slowly reach behind the back with the right arm. The inferior angle of the scapula should be felt continuously as the hand is again placed by the side of the body.
A final check of this landmark should be made with the hand by the side in the relaxed position. Subject position: The subject assumes either a seated or standing position with the arms hanging by the sides. Location: This landmark is located by palpation beginning from the top of the clavicles. Using the thumb the anthropometrist should roll down from the clavicle to the first intercostal space i.
The thumb is then replaced by the index finger and the procedure is then repeated down to the second, third and fourth intercostal spaces.
The fourth rib is between the last two spaces. An extra check of rib identification is that the second rib is at the level of the sternal angle which can be felt as a ridge on the sternum. The Mesosternale landmark. Subject position: The subject assumes a relaxed position with the left arm hanging by the side and the right arm abducted to the horizontal. Location: From behind the subject, locate the most lateral edge of the iliac crest on the ilium using using the right hand.
The left hand is used to stabilise the body by providing resistance on the left side of the pelvis. The landmark is the most lateral point made at the identified edge of the ilium. Location: This skinfold is raised immediately superior to the Iliocristale. Align the fingers of the left hand on the Iliocristale landmark and exert pressure inwards so that the fingers roll over the iliac crest.
Substitute the left thumb for these fingers and relocate the index finger a sufficient distance superior to the thumb so that this grasp becomes the skinfold to be measured. Mark the centre of the raised skinfold. The fold runs slightly downwards anteriorly as determined by the natural fold of the skin.
Subject position: The subject assumes a standing position with the arms hanging by the sides. Location: Palpate the superior aspect of the ilium and follow anteriorly and inferiorly along the crest to the anterior superior iliac spine and downward until it runs posteriorly.
The landmark is the lower margin or edge where the bone can just be felt. Difficulty in appraising the landmark can be assisted by the subject lifting the heel of the right foot and rotating the femur outward. The right arm may be abducted to the horizontal after the anterior axillary border has been identified.
Location: The fold runs slightly downwards and anteriorly as determined by the natural fold of the skin. Subject position: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with the right arm across the trunk. Location: This site is identified while standing behind the subject by palpating the lateral aspect of the gluteal muscle with the heel of the hand while standing behind the subject.
Once the greater trochanter has been identified, the measurer should palpate upward to locate the highest point of the trochanter where the bone can still be felt when strong downward pressure is applied. The Trochanterion landmark. The Tibiale laterale landmark. The upper mark is the Trochanterion. Palpate the site using a thumb nail and the following guidelines.
Locate the joint space bounded by the lateral condyle of the femur and the antero-lateral portion of the lateral tibial condyle. Press inwards firmly in order to locate the superior and lateral border of the head of the tibia. It is often useful to have the subject flex and extend the knee several times to ensure that the correct position has been located. The mark should be made approximately one-third of the distance along the border moving in an anterior-posterior direction.
Anatomical landmarks Mid-trochanterion-tibiale laterale Definition: The point equidistant from trochanterion and tibiale laterale. Subject position: The subject assumes a relaxed position with the left arm hanging by the side and the right forearm across the trunk.
Location: Measure the linear distance between the Trochanterion and Tibiale laterale landmarks. If a tape is used be sure to avoid following the curvature of the surface of the thigh. The Mid-trochanterion-tibiale laterale landmark. Note also the marks for the Trochanterion above and Tibiale laterale below. Location: The level of the maximum girth is determined and marked with a small horizontal line on the medial aspect of the calf.
The maximal girth is found by using the middle fingers to manipulate the position of the tape in a series of up or down measurements to determine the maximum girth. View the marked site from the front to locate the most medial point and mark this with an intersecting vertical line. Subject position: The subject assumes a seated position with the torso erect and the arms hanging by the sides.
The knee of the right leg should be bent at a right angle. Location: The measurer stands facing the right side of the seated subject on the lateral side of the thigh. If there is difficulty locating the fold the subject should flex the hip to make a fold.
Place a small horizontal mark at the level of the mid-point between the two landmarks. Now draw a perpendicular line to intersect the horizontal line. This perpendicular line is located in the midline of the thigh. If a tape is used be sure to avoid following the curvature of the surface of the skin.
Subject position: The subject is seated with the right leg resting over the left knee so that the medial aspect of the leg is able to be marked. Location: The Tibiale mediale is approximately in the same transverse plane as the Tibiale laterale.
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